IMHO (and maybe strike the H) the evolution of programming languages does not in the slightest resemble that of natural language. I've been a close follower of several language revisions (C, C++, perl, tcl), and there little similarity to what I see in natural language evolution. In fact, I deliberately chose the term 'revision' rather than 'evolution' for programming languages. You might be able to make a marginally better case that the establishment of *new* programming languages resembles natural language evolution, but I suspect that when I see your case I'd be willing to shoot it down. :-) -- "Deconstruction is [when] a work is interpreted as a statement about itself, using a literary version of the same cheap trick that Kurt Godel used to try to frighten mathematicians back in the thirties." -- Chip Morningstar in <http://www.dourish.com/goodies/decon.html>